Wilhelm List

Siegmund Wilhelm List
14 May 1880(1880-05-14) — 17 August 1971(1971-08-17) (aged 91)
Generalfeldmarschall Wilhelm List
Place of birth	Oberkirchberg near Ulm, Württemberg, Germany
Place of death	Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
Allegiance	German Empire (to 1918) Weimar Republic (to 1933) Nazi Germany
Years of service	1898 - 1942
Rank	Generalfeldmarschall
Battles/wars	World War I World War II
Awards	Wound Badge (1918) in black Iron Cross (1914) 2. and 1. class Iron Cross (1939) 2. and 1. class Ritterkreuz des Königlichen Hausordens von Hohenzollern mit Schwertern Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (30 September 1939)

Sigmund Wilhelm Walther List (May 14, 1880 – August 17, 1971), was a German field marshal during World War II, and at the start of the war was based in Slovakia in command of the Fourteenth Army.

Early life and career

List was born in Oberkirchberg (now a part of Illerkirchberg) near Ulm, Württemberg, Germany in 1880 and entered the Bavarian Army in 1898 as a cadet. In 1900 he was promoted to Lieutenant and in 1913 he joined the general staff as a Hauptmann. He served as a staff officer in World War I.

After the war List stayed in the Reichswehr and most of his assignments were as an administrator. In 1927 he was promoted to Oberst, in 1930 he was promoted to General-Major and in 1932 he was promoted to General-Leutnant. In 1938 after the Anschluss of Austria he was made responsible for integrating the Bundesheer into the Wehrmacht.

During 1939 List commanded the German 14th Army in the invasion of Poland. From 1939 to 1941 he commanded the German 12th Army in France and Greece. During 1941 he was Commander-in-Chief South-East. In July 1942 he was Commander-in-Chief of Army Group A on the Eastern Front in the Soviet Union.

Poland, 1939

It was List's task to advance his army into southern Poland immediately on the outbreak of hostilities, to form the extreme southern wing of an encircling manoeuvre carried out by the German forces aimed at trapping the Polish field army in the general region of Warsaw. He fulfilled this mission, meeting advance elements of the German XIX Panzer Corps under the command of General Guderian a short distance south of Brest-Litovsk, on September 17, 1939.

Following the conclusion of the fighting in Poland, which was accelerated by the occupation of the eastern part of the country by Soviet forces, as agreed to in the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, List and his army remained posted as occupying forces on Polish territory. List was promoted to Field-Marshal on the conclusion of the campaign. In early 1941 German troops were being steadily massed on the Eastern frontier of the Third Reich, in preparation, as is now known, for Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union. OKW believed that before Barbarossa could be launched it would be necessary to eliminate the possibility of interference from Greece by militarily subduing this country, in an operation codenamed Operation Marita. Field-Marshal List was delegated to negotiate with the Bulgarian General Staff, and a secret agreement was signed allowing the free passage of German troops through Bulgarian territory.^[1] On the night of February 28, 1941 German troops, including List who now commanded the 12th army, took up positions in Bulgaria, which the next day joined the Tripartite Pact.

Greece, 1941

The invasion of Greece, and of Yugoslavia, started on April 6, 1941. The 12th army, commanded by List, consisted of four armoured divisions and eleven motorized infantry divisions, and totally overmatched the defending forces. Belgrade was occupied by German forces on April 13, 1941, and Athens on April 27, 1941. The Balkan interlude ended with the evacuation of British forces on April 28, 1941.

Caucasus campaign and dismissal, 1942

In early July 1942, List took command of Army Group A, newly formed from the split of Army Group South during the Germans' summer offensive named Case Blue. His orders were to take Rostov and then advance into the Caucasus as far as Baku to capture the oil-rich region. German forces made good progress for two months, advancing almost to Grozny, about 650 kilometers from Rostov.

However, by the end of August their advance had ground to halt, chiefly due to critical shortages of fuel and ammunition as the army group outran its supply lines. Soviet resistance had also stiffened considerably, and matters were made worse for the Germans by the removal in mid-August of most Luftwaffe combat units to the north to support to the Sixth Army's drive on Stalingrad.

Hitler was angered by the loss of momentum, and when List proposed moving some stalled spearhead units to another, less advanced portion of the front to assist in destroying stubborn Soviet forces, Hitler relieved him of command on September 9 and placed himself in charge of Army Group A. List spent the rest of the war at his home and never returned to active duty.

Capture and trial

Wilhelm List (left) and Walter Kuntze(right) take a walk in the prison yard during the Hostage Case.

List was captured by the Allies after the war. In 1947, List and 11 former subordinates were brought before a U.S. military court, charged with war crimes and crimes against humanity - primarily the reprisal killing of hostages in retaliation for partisan activity. List was convicted in this Hostages Trial. He was sentenced to life imprisonment in February 1948. List was released from prison in December 1952, officially because of ill health. However, he lived for another 19 years, dying on August 17, 1971.

Dates of rank

• Fähnrich - 8 February 1899
• Leutnant - 7 March 1900
• Oberleutnant - 9 March 1908
• Hauptmann - 22 March 1913
• Major - 26 September 1919
• Oberstleutnant - 1 October 1923
• Oberst - 1 March 1927
• Generalmajor - 1 November 1930
• Generalleutnant - 1 October 1932
• General der Infanterie - 1 October 1935
• Generaloberst - 20 April 1939
• Generalfeldmarschall - 19 July 1940

Awards

• Wound Badge (1918) in black
• Iron Cross (1914) 2. and 1. class
• Iron Cross (1939) 2. and 1. class
• Ritterkreuz des Königlichen Hausordens von Hohenzollern mit Schwertern
• Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (30 September 1939)

References

• Hayward, Joel S. A. Stopped At Stalingrad. University Press of Kansas; Lawrence: 1998. ISBN 978-0-7006-1146-1
• Helden der Wehrmacht - Unsterbliche deutsche Soldaten (in German). München, Germany: FZ-Verlag GmbH, 2004. ISBN 3-924309-53-1.

First and last recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross first 30 September 1939 Johannes Blaskowitz (Oak Leaves and Swords)  • Fedor von Bock  • Walther von Brauchitsch  • Hermann Göring (Grand Cross of the Iron Cross)  • Wilhelm Keitel  • Albert Kesselring (Oak Leaves, Swords and Diamonds)  • Günther von Kluge (Oak Leaves and Swords)  • Georg von Küchler (Oak Leaves)  • Wilhelm List  • Alexander Löhr (Oak Leaves)  • Erich Raeder  • Walter von Reichenau  • Gerd von Rundstedt (Oak Leaves and Swords) last 17 June 1945 Georg-Wolfgang Feller Großadmiral Karl Dönitz had ordered a cease of all promotions and awards as of 11 May 1945. Therefore Georg-Wolfgang Feller is a de facto but not de jure recipient.